Russian/Soviet immigration provides a particularly interesting case study of Australian concerns about communism in the early Cold War period. Most of those who came from Europe under IRO’s mass resettlement scheme for displaced persons were, or at least presented themselves, as strong anti-communists (a de facto requirement for selection), but the political attitudes of the Russians (both ethnic Russians and Russian-speaking Jews) who came from China were more varied. Our account is based primarily on ASIO materials in the National Archives of Australia, as well as British and US intelligence material in the National Archives of the UK at Kew.