Historical examples of human-environment interactions can provide salient insight for developing adaptation strategies for future environmental change. The freshwater resources of Kakadu National Park are of significant ecological and cultural value and continue to support Indigenous customary harvesting, yet face significant threats from climate-driven sea level rise. This research examines the history of social-hydrological responses to saltwater intrusion between 1975 and 2003, initially in reaction to the landscape-scale impacts of feral Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Historical and geographical methods drew upon Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal oral testimonies, archival material and visits on-country.

Initial floodplain interventions during the 1970s and 1980s included localised, experimental, largely opportunistic barrages and restoration work. As an example of the co-production of knowledge, Indigenous biocultural knowledge inspired and informed locally-led restoration efforts by both non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal actors. The ensuing social learning generated new perspectives on the role of salt water in maintaining healthy floodplain country. Awareness of climate-driven sea level rise in the 1990s saw the experience with floodplain barrage construction scaled up to influence interventionist efforts across the Northern Territory coastline. The historical social-hydrological experiences in Kakadu are shown to shape local, contemporary perceptions of risk and preferences for managing future sea level rise.